Yes, the visible underlying canvas can be changed at any time while painting and after a painting is finished.
However, any brush strokes showing interactions with the canvas texture will remain the same, as they can only show how they interacted with the canvas texture that was in place at the time they were made.
It is also possible for different layers to use different canvas textures other than the main visible underlying canvas.
To do this, right click on a layer and choose ‘Edit Layer Texture’.
I will often use different canvas textures on different layers in order to achieve a certain look or texture to my mark making.
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